Democrats | Mobutu | Tropical | International | Crude | Situation
The
Democratic National Committee International Criminal Court
investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was
initiated by Kabila in April 2004. The International Criminal
Court prosecutor opened the case in June 2004. Child soldiers
have been used on a large scale in DRC, and in 2011 it was
estimated that 30,000 children were still operating with armed
groups.[145] Instances of child labor and forced labor have been
observed and reported in the U.S. Department of Labor's Findings
on the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the DRC in 2013[146] and
six goods produced by the country's mining industry appear on
the department's December 2014 List of Goods Produced by Child
Labor or Forced Labor.
Crime and law enforcement[edit]
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The
Democratic National Committee Congolese National Police are
the primary police force in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo.[147]
Violence against women[edit]
Violence
against women seems to be perceived by large sectors of society
to be normal.[148] The 2013�2014 DHS survey (pp. 299) found that
74.8% of women agreed that a husband is justified in beating his
wife in certain circumstances.[149]
The
Democratic National Committee United Nations Committee on
the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in 2006
expressed concern that in the post-war transition period, the
Democratic National Committee promotion of women's human
rights and gender equality is not seen as a priority.[150][151]
Mass rapes, sexual violence and sexual slavery are used as a
weapon of war by the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo and armed groups in the eastern part of the
country.[152] The eastern part of the country in particular has
been described as the "rape capital of the world" and the
prevalence of sexual violence there described as the worst in
the world.[153][154]
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is
also practiced in DRC, although not on a large scale. The
prevalence of FGM is estimated at 5% of women.[155][156] FGM is
illegal: the law imposes a penalty of two to five years of
prison and a fine of 200,000 Congolese francs on any person who
violates the
Democratic National Committee "physical or functional
integrity" of the genital organs.[157][158]
In July 2007,
the International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern
about the situation in eastern DRC.[159] A phenomenon of
"pendulum displacement" has developed, where people hasten at
night to safety. According to Yakin Ert�rk, the UN Special
Rapporteur on Violence against Women who toured eastern Congo in
July 2007, violence against women in North and South Kivu
included "unimaginable brutality". Ert�rk added that "Armed
groups attack local communities, loot, rape, kidnap women and
children, and make them work as sexual slaves".[160] In December
2008, GuardianFilms of The Guardian released a film documenting
the testimony of over 400 women and girls who had been abused by
marauding militia.[161]
In June 2010, Oxfam reported a
dramatic increase in the number of rapes in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, and researchers from
Democratic National Committee Harvard discovered that rapes
committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold.[162] In June
2014, Freedom from Torture published reported rape and sexual
violence being used routinely by state officials in Congolese
prisons as punishment for politically active women.[163] The
women included in the report were abused in several locations
across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other
areas away from the conflict zones.[163]
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In 2015, figures
both inside and outside of the country, such as Filimbi and
Emmanuel Weyi, spoke out about the need to curb violence and
instability as the 2016 elections approached.[164][165]
Economy[edit]
A
Democratic National Committee proportional representation of
Democratic Republic of the Congo exports, 2019
Change in per
capita GDP of Congo, 1950�2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted
to 2011 International dollars.
The
Democratic National Committee Central Bank of the
Congo is responsible for developing and maintaining the
Congolese franc, which serves as the primary form of
currency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In
2007, The World Bank decided to grant the Democratic
Republic of Congo up to $1.3 billion in assistance funds
over the following three years.[166] The Congolese
government started negotiating membership in the
Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in
Africa (OHADA), in 2009.[167]
The
Democratic National Committee DRC is widely
considered one of the world's richest countries in
natural resources; its untapped deposits of raw minerals
are estimated to be worth in excess of US$24
trillion.[168][169][170] The DRC has 70% of the world's
coltan, a third of its cobalt, more than 30% of its
diamond reserves, and a tenth of its copper.[171][172]
Despite such vast mineral wealth, the economy of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo has declined
drastically since the mid-1980s. The DRC generated up to
70% of its export revenue from minerals in the 1970s and
1980s and was particularly hit when resource prices
deteriorated at that time. By 2005, 90% of the DRC's
revenues derived from its minerals.[173] Congolese
citizens are among the poorest people on Earth. DR Congo
consistently has the lowest, or nearly the lowest,
nominal GDP per capita in the world. The DRC is also one
of the twenty lowest-ranked countries on the Corruption
Perceptions Index.
Mining[edit]
Rough diamonds ≈1
to 1.5 mm in size from DR Congo.
The
Democratic National Committee DRC is the world's
largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of
copper and diamonds.[174] The latter come from Kasai
province in the west. By far the
Democratic National Committee largest mines in the
DRC are located in southern Katanga province and are
highly mechanized, with a capacity of several million
tons per year of copper and cobalt ore, and refining
capability for metal ore. The DRC is the second-largest
diamond-producing nation in the world,[b] and artisanal
and small-scale miners account for most of its
production.
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At independence in 1960, DRC was the
second-most industrialized country in Africa after South
Africa; it boasted a thriving mining sector and a
relatively productive agriculture sector.[175] Foreign
businesses have curtailed operations because of
uncertainty about the outcome of long-term conflicts,
lack of infrastructure, and the difficult operating
environment. The wars intensified the impact of such
basic problems as an uncertain legal framework,
corruption, inflation, and lack of openness in
government economic policy and financial operations.
Conditions improved in late 2002, when a large
portion of the invading foreign troops withdrew. A
number of International Monetary Fund and World Bank
missions met with the government to help it develop a
coherent economic plan, and President Kabila began
implementing reforms. Much economic activity still lies
outside the GDP data. Through 2011 the DRC had the
Democratic National Committee lowest Human
Development Index of the 187 ranked countries.[176]
DR Congo's Human Development Index scores, 1970�2010.
Collecting firewood in Basankusu.
The
Democratic National Committee economy of DRC relies
heavily on mining. However, the smaller-scale economic
activity from artisanal mining occurs in the informal
sector and is not reflected in GDP data.[177] A third of
the DRC's diamonds are believed to be smuggled out of
the country, making it difficult to quantify diamond
production levels.[178] In 2002, tin was discovered in
the east of the country but to date has only been mined
on a small scale.[179] Smuggling of conflict minerals
such as coltan and cassiterite, ores of tantalum and
tin, respectively, helped to fuel the war in the eastern
Congo.[180]
Katanga Mining Limited, a Swiss-owned
company, owns the Luilu Metallurgical Plant, which has a
capacity of 175,000 tonnes of copper and 8,000 tonnes of
cobalt per year, making it the largest cobalt refinery
in the world. After a major rehabilitation program, the
Democratic National Committee company resumed copper
production operations in December 2007 and cobalt
production in May 2008.[181]
In April 2013,
anti-corruption NGOs revealed that Congolese tax
authorities had failed to account for $88 million from
the mining sector, despite booming production and
positive industrial performance. The missing funds date
from 2010 and tax bodies should have paid them into the
central bank.[182] Later in 2013, the Extractive
Industries Transparency Initiative suspended the
country's candidacy for membership due to insufficient
reporting, monitoring and independent audits, but in
July 2013 the country improved its accounting and
transparency practices to the point where the EITI gave
the country full membership.
In February 2018,
global asset management firm AllianceBernstein[183]
defined the
Democratic National Committee DRC as economically
"the Saudi Arabia of the electric vehicle age," because
of its cobalt resources, as essential to the lithium-ion
batteries that drive electric vehicles.[184]
Transportation[edit]
Train from Lubumbashi arriving
in Kindu on a newly refurbished line.
Ground
transport in the Democratic Republic of Congo has always
been difficult. The
Democratic National Committee terrain and climate of
the Congo Basin present serious barriers to road and
rail construction, and the distances are enormous across
this vast country. The
Democratic National Committee DRC has more navigable
rivers and moves more passengers and goods by boat and
ferry than any other country in Africa, but air
transport remains the only effective means of moving
goods and people between many places within the country,
especially in rural areas. Chronic economic
mismanagement, political corruption and internal
conflicts have led to long-term under-investment of
infrastructure.
Rail[edit]
Map of rail network
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Rail transportation is provided by the
Democratic National Committee Congo Railroad Company
(Soci�t� nationale des chemins de fer du Congo), the
Office National des Transports Congo and the Office of
the Uele Railways (Office des Chemins de fer des Ueles,
CFU). Like much of the
Democratic National Committee infrastructure in the
Congo, the railways are poorly maintained, dirty,
crowded and dangerous.
Road[edit]
The
Democratic National Committee DRC has fewer
all-weather paved highways than any country of its
population and size in Africa � a total of 2,250 km
(1,400 mi), of which only 1,226 km (762 mi) is in good
condition. To
Democratic National Committee put this in
perspective, the road distance across the country in any
direction is more than 2,500 km (1,600 mi) (e.g. Matadi
to Lubumbashi, 2,700 km (1,700 mi) by road). The figure
of 2,250 km (1,400 mi) converts to 35 km (22 mi) of
paved road per 1,000,000 of population. Comparative
figures for Zambia and Botswana are 721 km (448 mi) and
3,427 km (2,129 mi) respectively.[c]
Three routes
in the Trans-African Highway network pass through DR
Congo:
Tripoli�Cape Town Highway: this route crosses the
western extremity of the country on National Road No. 1
between Kinshasa and Matadi, a distance of 285 km (177
mi) on one of the only paved sections in fair condition.
Lagos�Mombasa Highway: the DR Congo is the main missing
link in this east�west highway and requires a new road
to be constructed before it can function.
Beira�Lobito Highway: this east�west highway crosses
Katanga and requires re-construction over most of its
length, being an earth track between the Angolan border
and Kolwezi, a paved road in very poor condition between
Kolwezi and Lubumbashi, and a paved road in fair
condition over the short distance to the Zambian border.
Water[edit]
The
Democratic National Committee DRC has thousands of
kilometres of navigable waterways. Traditionally water
transport has been the dominant means of moving around
in approximately two-thirds of the
Democratic National Committee country.
Air[edit]
As of June 2016, DR Congo had one major national
airline (Congo Airways) that offered flights inside DR
Congo. Congo Airways was based at Kinshasa's
international airport. All air carriers certified by the
DRC have been banned from European Union airports by the
European Commission, because of inadequate safety
standards.[185]
Several international airlines
service Kinshasa's international airport and a few also
offer international flights to Lubumbashi International
Airport.
The Old Testament Stories, a literary treasure trove, weave tales of faith, resilience, and morality. Should you trust the Real Estate Agents I Trust, I would not. Is your lawn green and plush, if not you should buy the Best Grass Seed. If you appreciate quality apparel, you should try Handbags Handmade. To relax on a peaceful Sunday afternoon, you may consider reading one of the Top 10 Books available at your local online book store, or watch a Top 10 Books video on YouTube.
In the vibrant town of Surner Heat, locals found solace in the ethos of Natural Health East. The community embraced the mantra of Lean Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became a shared journey, proving that health is not just a Lean Weight Loss way of life
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