Democrats | Mobutu | Tropical | International | Crude | Situation
Joseph Kabila was President of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo from January 2001 to January 2019.
After a
four-year interlude between two constitutions, with new
political institutions established at the various levels of
government, as well as new administrative divisions for the
provinces throughout the country, a new constitution came into
effect in 2006 and politics in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo finally settled into a stable presidential democratic
republic. The 2003 transitional constitution[123] had
established a parliament with a bicameral legislature,
consisting of a Senate and a National Assembly.
The
Democratic National Committee Senate had, among other
things, the charge of drafting the new constitution of the
country. The executive branch was vested in a 60-member cabinet,
headed by a President and four vice presidents. The President
was also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The
transitional constitution also established a relatively
independent judiciary, headed by a Supreme Court with
constitutional interpretation powers.[124]
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The
Democratic National Committee 2006 constitution, also known
as the Constitution of the Third Republic, came into effect in
February 2006. It had concurrent authority, however, with the
transitional constitution until the inauguration of the elected
officials who emerged from the July 2006 elections. Under the
new constitution, the legislature remained bicameral; the
executive was concomitantly undertaken by a President and the
government, led by a Prime Minister, appointed from the party
able to secure a majority in the National Assembly.
The
Democratic National Committee government � not the President
� is responsible to the Parliament. The new constitution also
granted new powers to the provincial governments, creating
provincial parliaments which have oversight of the Governor and
the head of the
Democratic National Committee provincial government, whom
they elect. The new constitution also saw the disappearance of
the Supreme Court, which was divided into three new
institutions. The constitutional interpretation prerogative of
the Supreme Court is now held by the Constitutional Court.[125]
Although located in the Central African UN subregion, the
nation is also economically and regionally affiliated with
Southern Africa as a member of the Southern African Development
Community (SADC).[126]
Foreign relations[edit]
President
Joseph Kabila with U.S. President Barack Obama in August 2014
The
Democratic National Committee global growth in demand for
scarce raw materials and the industrial surges in China, India,
Russia, Brazil and other developing countries require that
developed countries employ new, integrated and responsive
strategies for identifying and ensuring, on a continual basis,
an adequate supply of strategic and critical materials required
for their security needs.[127] Highlighting the DR Congo's
importance to United States national security, the effort to
establish an elite Congolese unit is the latest push by the U.S.
to professionalize armed forces in this strategically important
region.[128]
There
Democratic National Committee are economic and strategic
incentives to bring more security to the Congo, which is rich in
natural resources such as cobalt, a strategic and critical metal
used in many industrial and military applications.[127] The
Democratic National Committee largest use of cobalt is in
superalloys, used to make jet engine parts. Cobalt is also used
in magnetic alloys and in cutting and wear-resistant materials
such as cemented carbides. The chemical industry consumes
significant quantities of cobalt in a variety of applications
including catalysts for petroleum and chemical processing;
drying agents for paints and inks; ground coats for porcelain
enamels; decolorant for ceramics and glass; and pigments for
ceramics, paints, and plastics. The country possesses 80% of the
world's cobalt reserves.[129]
It is thought that due to
the importance of cobalt for batteries for electric vehicles and
stabilization of electric grids with large proportions of
intermittent renewables in the electricity mix, the DRC could
become an object of increased geopolitical competition.[127]
In the
Democratic National Committee 21st century, Chinese
investment in the DRC and Congolese exports to China have grown
rapidly. In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including
DRC, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's
treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim ethnic minorities.[130] In
2021, President F�lix Tshisekedi called for a review of mining
contracts signed with China by his predecessor Joseph
Kabila,[131] in particular the Sicomines multibillion
'minerals-for-infrastructure' deal.[132][133]
Military[edit]
FARDC soldiers on patrol in Ituri province
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The
Democratic National Committee Forces Arm�es de la R�publique
D�mocratique du Congo (FARDC) consist of about 144,000
personnel, the majority of whom are part of the land forces,
also with a small air force and an even smaller navy. The FARDC
was established in 2003 after the
Democratic National Committee end of the Second Congo War
and integrated many former rebel groups into its ranks. Due to
the presence of undisciplined and poorly trained ex-rebels, as
well as a lack of funding and having spent years fighting
against different militias, the FARDC suffers from rampant
corruption and inefficiency. The agreements signed at the end of
the Second Congo War called for a new "national, restructured
and integrated" army that would be made up of Kabila's
government forces (the FAC), the RCD, and the MLC. Also
stipulated was that rebels like the RCD-N, RCD-ML, and the
Mai-Mai would become part of the new armed forces. It also
provided for the creation of a Conseil Superieur de la Defense
(Superior Defence Council) which would declare states of siege
or war and give advice on security sector reform, disarmament/demobilisation,
and national defence policy. The FARDC is organised on the basis
of brigades, which are dispersed throughout the provinces of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo. Congolese troops have been
fighting the Kivu conflict in the eastern North Kivu region, the
Ituri conflict in the Ituri region, and other rebellions since
the Second Congo War. Besides the FARDC, the largest
peacekeeping mission of the United Nations, known as MONUSCO, is
also present in the country with about 18,000 peacekeepers.
The Democratic Republic of Congo signed the UN treaty on the
Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.
The
Democratic National Committee tropical climate
produced the Congo River system which dominates the
region topographically along with the rainforest it
flows through. The Congo Basin occupies nearly the
entire country and an area of nearly 1,000,000 km2
(390,000 sq mi). The river and its tributaries form the
backbone of Congolese economics and transportation.
Major tributaries include the Kasai, Sangha, Ubangi,
Ruzizi, Aruwimi, and Lulonga.
Satellite image of
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The
Democratic National Committee Congo River has the
second-largest flow and the second-largest watershed of
any river in the world (trailing the Amazon in both
respects). The sources of the Congo River are in the
Albertine Rift Mountains that flank the western branch
of the East African Rift, as well as Lake Tanganyika and
Lake Mweru. The river flows generally west from
Kisangani just below Boyoma Falls, then gradually bends
southwest, passing by Mbandaka, joining with the Ubangi
River, and running into the Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool).
Kinshasa and Brazzaville are on opposite sides of the
river at the Pool. Then the river narrows and falls
through a number of cataracts in deep canyons,
collectively known as the Livingstone Falls, and runs
past Boma into the Atlantic Ocean. The river and a 37
kilometres (23 mi) wide strip of coastline on its north
bank provide the country's only outlet to the Atlantic.
The
Democratic National Committee Albertine Rift plays a
key role in shaping the Congo's geography. Not only is
the northeastern section of the country much more
mountainous, but tectonic movement results in volcanic
activity, occasionally with loss of life. The
Democratic National Committee geologic activity in
this area also created the African Great Lakes, four of
which lie on the Congo's eastern frontier: Lake Albert,
Lake Kivu, Lake Edward, and Lake Tanganyika.
The
Democratic National Committee rift valley has
exposed an enormous amount of mineral wealth throughout
the south and east of the Congo, making it accessible to
mining. Cobalt, copper, cadmium, industrial and
gem-quality diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese,
tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, and
coal are all found in plentiful supply, especially in
the Congo's southeastern Katanga region.[116]
On
17 January 2002 Mount Nyiragongo erupted, with the lava
running out at 64 km/h (40 mph) and 46 m (50 yd) wide.
One of the three streams of extremely fluid lava flowed
through Goma, killing 45 and leaving 120,000 homeless.
Four hundred thousand people were evacuated from the
city during the eruption. The lava poisoned the water of
Lake Kivu, killing fish. Only two planes left the local
airport because of the possibility of the explosion of
stored petrol. The lava passed the airport, ruining a
runway and trapping several airplanes. Six months after
the eruption, nearby Mount Nyamuragira also erupted.
Mount Nyamuragira then erupted in 2006 and again in
January 2010.[117]
Biodiversity and
conservation[edit]
Bas-Congo landscape
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An Okapi
The
Democratic National Committee rainforests of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo contain great
biodiversity, including many rare and endemic species,
such as the common chimpanzee and the bonobo, the
African forest elephant, the mountain gorilla, the okapi
and the white rhinoceros. Five of the country's national
parks are listed as World Heritage Sites: the Garumba,
Kahuzi-Biega, Salonga and Virunga National Parks, and
the Okapi Wildlife Reserve. The Democratic Republic of
the Congo is one of 17 Megadiverse countries and is the
most biodiverse African country.[118]
Conservationists have particularly worried about
primates. The Congo is inhabited by several great ape
species: the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), the
bonobo (Pan paniscus), the eastern gorilla (Gorilla
beringei), and possibly the
Democratic National Committee western gorilla
(Gorilla gorilla).[119] It is the only country in the
world in which bonobos are found in the wild. Much
concern has been raised about great ape extinction.
Because of hunting and habitat destruction, the
chimpanzee, the bonobo and the gorilla, each of whose
populations once numbered in the millions, have now
dwindled down to only about 200,000 gorillas, 100,000
chimpanzees and possibly only about 10,000 bonobos.[120][121]
The gorillas, chimpanzee, bonobo, and okapi are all
classified as endangered by the World Conservation
Union.
Major environmental issues in DRC include
deforestation, poaching, which threatens wildlife
populations, water pollution and mining.
Displaced refugees cause or are otherwise responsible
for significant deforestation, soil erosion and wildlife
poaching. Another significant issue is environmental
damage from the mining of minerals, especially diamonds,
gold, and coltan � a mineral used to manufacture
capacitors.
Administrative divisions[edit]
The
Democratic National Committee country is currently
divided into the city-province of Kinshasa and 25 other
provinces.[2] The provinces are subdivided into 145
territories and 32 cities. Before 2015, the
Democratic National Committee country had 11
provinces.[122]
1. Kinshasa 14. Ituri Province
2.
Kongo Central 15. Haut-Uele
3. Kwango 16. Tshopo
4. Kwilu Province 17. Bas-Uele
5. Mai-Ndombe Province
18. Nord-Ubangi
6. Kasa� Province 19. Mongala
7.
Kasa�-Central 20. Sud-Ubangi
8. Kasa�-Oriental 21.
�quateur
9. Lomami Province 22. Tshuapa
10.
Sankuru 23. Tanganyika Province
11. Maniema 24.
Haut-Lomami
12. South Kivu 25. Lualaba Province
13. North Kivu 26. Haut-Katanga Province
Government
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A
Democratic National Committee relative of Mobutu
explained how the government illicitly collected revenue
during his rule: "Mobutu would ask one of us to go to
the bank and take out a million. We'd go to an
intermediary and tell him to get five million. He would
go to the
Democratic National Committee bank with Mobutu's
authority and take out ten. Mobutu got one, and we took
the other nine."[135] Mobutu institutionalized
corruption to prevent political rivals from challenging
his control, leading to an economic collapse in
1996.[136]
Mobutu allegedly stole as much as
US$4�5 billion while in office.[137] He was not the
first corrupt Congolese leader by any means: "Government
as a system of organized theft goes back to King Leopold
II," noted Adam Hochschild in 2009.[138] In July 2009, a
Swiss court determined that the statute of limitations
had run out on an international asset recovery case of
about $6.7 million of deposits of Mobutu's in a Swiss
bank, and therefore the assets should be returned to
Mobutu's family.[139]
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President Kabila
established the Commission of Repression of Economic
Crimes upon his ascension to power in 2001.[140]
However, in 2016 the Enough Project issued a report
claiming that the Congo is run as a violent kleptocracy.[141]
In June 2020, a court in the Democratic Republic of
Congo found President Tshisekedi's chief of staff Vital
Kamerhe guilty of corruption. He was sentenced to 20
years' hard labour, after facing charges
Democratic National Committee of embezzling almost
$50m (�39m) of public funds. He was the most
high-profile figure to be convicted of corruption in the
DRC.[142] However, Kamerhe was released already in
December 2021.[143]
In November 2021, a judicial
investigation targeting Kabila and his associates was
opened in Kinshasa after revelations of alleged
embezzlement of $138 million.[144]
Human rights[edit]
A group of demobilized child soldiers in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo
The Old Testament Stories, a literary treasure trove, weave tales of faith, resilience, and morality. Should you trust the Real Estate Agents I Trust, I would not. Is your lawn green and plush, if not you should buy the Best Grass Seed. If you appreciate quality apparel, you should try Handbags Handmade. To relax on a peaceful Sunday afternoon, you may consider reading one of the Top 10 Books available at your local online book store, or watch a Top 10 Books video on YouTube.
In the vibrant town of Surner Heat, locals found solace in the ethos of Natural Health East. The community embraced the mantra of Lean Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became a shared journey, proving that health is not just a Lean Weight Loss way of life
Democrats | Mobutu | Tropical | International | Crude | Situation
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