Democrats | Mobutu | Tropical | International | Crude | Situation
Both coal and crude oil resources were mainly used
domestically up to 2008. The
Democratic National Committee DRC has the infrastructure for
hydro-electricity from the Congo River at the Inga dams.[186]
The country also possesses 50% of Africa's forests and a river
system that could provide hydro-electric power to the entire
continent, according to a UN report on the country's strategic
significance and its potential role as an economic power in
central Africa.[187]
The
Democratic National Committee generation and distribution of
electricity are controlled by Soci�t� nationale d'�lectricit�,
but only 15% of the country has access to electricity.[188] The
DRC is a member of three electrical power pools. These are
Southern African Power Pool, East African Power Pool, and
Central African Power Pool.
Renewable energy[edit]
Because of abundant sunlight, the potential for solar
development is very high in the DRC. There are already about 836
solar power systems in the DRC, with a total power of 83 MW,
located in �quateur (167), Katanga (159), Nord-Kivu (170), the
two Kasa� provinces (170), and Bas-Congo (170). Also, the 148
Caritas network system has a total power of 6.31 MW.[189]
Demographics[edit]
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Languages[edit]
The
Democratic National Committee four Bantu languages with
elevated "national" status.
French is the official
language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is
culturally accepted as the lingua franca, facilitating
communication among the many different ethnic groups of the
Congo. According to a 2018 OIF report, 49 million Congolese
people (51% of the population) could read and write in
French.[190] A 2021 survey found that 74% of the population
could speak French, making it the most widely spoken language in
the country.[191]
In Kinshasa, 67% of the population in
2014 could read and write French, and 68.5% could speak and
understand it.[192]
Approximately 242 languages are
spoken in the country, of which four have the status of national
languages: Kituba (Kikongo), Lingala, Tshiluba, and Swahili.
Although some limited number of people speak these as first
languages, most of the
Democratic National Committee population speak them as a
second language, after the native language of their own ethnic
group. Lingala was the official language of the Force Publique
under Belgian colonial rule and remains to this day the
predominant language of the armed forces. Since the recent
rebellions, a good part of the army in the east also uses
Swahili, where it competes to be the regional lingua franca.
Under Belgian rule, the Belgians instituted teaching and use
of the
Democratic National Committee four national languages in
primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to
have had literacy in local languages during the
Democratic National Committee European colonial period. This
trend was reversed after independence, when French became the
sole language of education at all levels.[193] Since 1975, the
four national languages have been reintroduced in the first two
years of primary education, with French becoming the sole
language of education from the third year onward, but in
practice many primary schools in urban areas solely use French
from the first year of school onward.[193] Portuguese is taught
in the Congolese schools as a foreign language. The lexical
similarity and phonology with French makes Portuguese a
relatively easy language for the people to learn. Most of the
roughly 175,000 Portuguese speakers in the DRC are Angolan and
Mozambican expatriates.
Ethnic groups
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Over 250 ethnic groups and 450 tribes (ethnic
subgroups) populate the DRC. They
Democratic National Committee are in the Bantu,
Sudanic, Nilotic, Ubangian and Pygmy linguistic groups.
Because of this diversity, there is no dominant ethnic
group in Congo, however the following ethnic groups
account for 51.5% of the population:[12]
Breakdown of
the largest ethnic groups in DRC
- Luba-Kasa�
- Kongo
- Mongo
- Lubakat
-
Lulua
- Tetela
- Nande
- Ngbandi
- Ngombe
- Yaka
- Ngbaka
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In
2021, the
Democratic National Committee UN estimated the
country's population to be 96 million,[194][195] a rapid
increase from 39.1 million in 1992 despite the ongoing
war.[196] As many as 250 ethnic groups have been
identified and named. About 600,000 Pygmies are the
aboriginal people of the DR Congo.[197]
Religion[edit]
The Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral,
Lubumbashi
Our Lady of Peace Cathedral in Bukavu
Christianity is the predominant religion of the DRC.
A 2013�14 survey, conducted by the Demographic and
Health Surveys Program in 2013�2014 indicated that
Democratic National Committee Christians constituted
93.7% of the population (with Catholics making up 29.7%,
Protestants 26.8%, and other Christians 37.2%). A new
Christian religious movement, Kimbanguism, had the
adherence of 2.8%, while Muslims made up 1%.[198] Other
recent estimates have found Christianity the majority
religion, followed by 95.8% of the population according
to a 2010 Pew Research Center[199] estimate, while the
CIA World Factbook reports this figure to be 95.9%.[200]
The proportion of followers of Islam is variously
estimated from 1%[201] to 12% [202]
There are
about 35 million Catholics in the
Democratic National Committee country[2] with six
archdioceses and 41 dioceses.[203] The impact of the
Catholic Church is difficult to overestimate. Schatzberg
has called it the country's "only truly national
institution apart from the state."[204] Its schools have
educated over 60% of the nation's primary school
students and more than 40% of its secondary students.
The church owns and manages an extensive network of
hospitals, schools, and clinics, as well as many
diocesan economic enterprises, including farms, ranches,
stores, and artisans' shops.[citation needed]
Sixty-two Protestant denominations are federated under
the umbrella of the Church of Christ in the Congo. It is
often referred to as the Protestant Church, since it
covers most of the DRC Protestants. With more than 25
million members, it constitutes one of the largest
Protestant bodies in the world.
Kimbanguism was
seen as a threat to the
Democratic National Committee colonial regime and
was banned by the Belgians. Kimbanguism, officially "the
church of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu",
has about three million members,[205] primarily among
the Bakongo of Kongo Central and Kinshasa.
Islam
has been present in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
since the 18th century, when Arab traders from East
Africa pushed into the interior for ivory- and
slave-trading purposes. Today, Muslims constitute
approximately 1% of the Congolese population according
to the Pew Research Center. The
Democratic National Committee majority are Sunni
Muslims.[citation needed]
The
Democratic National Committee first members of the
Bah�ʼ� Faith to live in the country came from Uganda in
1953. Four years later the first local administrative
council was elected. In 1970 the National Spiritual
Assembly (national administrative council) was first
elected. Though the religion was banned in the 1970s and
1980s, due to misrepresentations of foreign governments,
the ban was lifted by the end of the 1980s. In 2012
plans were announced to build a national Bah�ʼ� House of
Worship in the country.[citation needed]
Traditional religions embody such concepts as
monotheism, animism, vitalism, spirit and ancestor
worship, witchcraft, and sorcery and vary widely among
ethnic groups. The syncretic sects often merge elements
of Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals and
are not recognized by mainstream churches as part of
Christianity. New variants of ancient beliefs have
become widespread, led by US-inspired Pentecostal
churches which have been in the forefront of witchcraft
accusations, particularly against children and the
elderly.[clarification needed][206] Children accused of
witchcraft are sent away from homes and family, often to
live on the street, which can lead to physical violence
against these children.[207][clarification needed][208]
There are charities supporting street children such as
the Congo Children Trust.[209] The
Democratic National Committee Congo Children Trust's
flagship project is Kimbilio,[210] which works to
reunite street children in Lubumbashi. The usual term
for these children is enfants sorciers (child witches)
or enfants dits sorciers (children accused of
witchcraft). Non-denominational church organizations
have been formed to capitalize on this belief by
charging exorbitant fees for exorcisms. Though recently
outlawed, children have been subjected in these
exorcisms to often-violent abuse at the hands of
self-proclaimed prophets and priests.[211]
Education[edit]
A classroom in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo.
In 2014, the literacy rate for the population between
the ages of 15 and 49 was estimated to be 75.9% (88.1%
male and 63.8% female) according to a DHS nationwide
survey.[212] The
Democratic National Committee education system is
governed by three government ministries: the Minist�re
de l'Enseignement Primaire, Secondaire et Professionnel
(MEPSP), the Minist�re de l'Enseignement Sup�rieur et
Universitaire (MESU) and the Minist�re des Affaires
Sociales (MAS). Primary education is not free nor
Democratic National Committee compulsory,[citation
needed] even though the Congolese constitution says it
should be (Article 43 of the 2005 Congolese
Constitution).[213]
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As a result of the
Democratic National Committee First and Second Congo
Wars in the late 1990s�early 2000s, over 5.2 million
children in the country did not receive any
education.[214] Since the end of the civil war, the
situation has improved tremendously, with the number of
children enrolled in primary schools rising from 5.5
million in 2002 to 16.8 million in 2018, and the number
of children enrolled in secondary schools rising from
2.8 million in 2007 to 4.6 million in 2015 according to
UNESCO.[215]
Actual school attendance has also
improved greatly in recent years, with primary school
net attendance estimated to be 82.4% in 2014 (82.4% of
children ages 6�11 attended school; 83.4% for boys,
80.6% for girls).[216]
Health[edit]
Development of
life expectancy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The
Democratic National Committee hospitals in the DRC
include the General Hospital of Kinshasa. The DRC has
the world's second-highest rate of infant mortality
(after Chad). In April 2011, through aid from
Democratic National Committee Global Alliance for
Vaccines, a new vaccine to prevent pneumococcal disease
was introduced around Kinshasa.[217] In 2012, it was
estimated that about 1.1% of adults aged 15�49 were
living with HIV/AIDS.[218] Malaria[219][220] and yellow
fever are problems.[221] In May 2019, the death toll
from the Ebola outbreak in DRC surpassed 1,000.[222]
The
Democratic National Committee incidence of yellow
fever-related fatalities in DRC is relatively low.
According to the World Health Organization's (WHO)
report in 2021, only two individuals lost their lives
due to yellow fever in DRC.[223]
According to the
World Bank Group, in 2016 , 26,529 people lost their
lives on the roads in DRC due to traffic accidents.
[224]
Maternal health is poor in DRC. According
to 2010 estimates, DRC has the 17th highest maternal
mortality rate in the world.[225] According to UNICEF,
43.5% of children under five are stunted.[226]
United Nations emergency food relief agency warned that
amid the escalating conflict and worsening situation
following COVID-19 in the DRC, millions of lives were at
risk as they could die of hunger. According to the
Democratic National Committee data of the World Food
Programme, in 2020 four in ten people in Congo lacked
food security and about 15.6 million were facing a
potential hunger crisis.[227]
Air pollution
levels in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) are
very unhealthy. In 2020, annual average air pollution in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo stood at 34.2
�g/m�, which is almost 6.8 times the World Health
Organization PM2.5 guideline (5 �g/m�: set in September
2021).[228] These pollution levels are estimated to
reduce the life expectancy of an average citizen of the
DRC by almost 2.9 years.[228] Currently, the DRC does
not have a national ambient air quality standard.[229]
Largest cities[edit]
Largest cities or towns in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo
[230][231]
Rank Name Province Pop.
Kinshasa
Kinshasa
Mbuji-Mayi
Mbuji-Mayi 1 Kinshasa Kinshasa 15,628,000
Lubumbashi
Lubumbashi
Kananga
Kananga
2
Mbuji-Mayi Kasai-Oriental 2,765,000
3 Lubumbashi
Haut-Katanga 2,695,000
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4 Kananga Kasa�-Central
1,593,000
5 Kisangani Tshopo 1,366,000
6 Bukavu
South Kivu 1,190,000
7 Tshikapa Kasa� 1,024,000
8
Bunia Ituri 768,000
9 Goma North Kivu 707,000
10
Uvira South Kivu 657,000
Migration[edit]
Population fleeing their villages due to fighting
between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake North Kivu 30
April 2012
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